Free electron laser fel theory is extended to explain several effects associated with high. Properties and prospects1 gunnar ingelman and kai siegbahn uppsala university abstract. Physics of the freeelectron laser the freeelectron laser can produce intense, coherent light as the result of the interaction between an electron beam and an electric field of light. We present an introduction to the operating principles of freeelectron lasers, discussing the amplification process, and the requirements on the electron beam necessary to achieve desired performance. The first sources of powerful coherent radiation were the microwave tubes invented earlier in this century. If you want to obtain moving images of highspeed molecular processes at an atomic scale, one of the best facilities in the world is the xray free electron laser xfel at stanford university. Applications in materials, chemistry and biology editors. Freeelectron lasers designs fel machine components. Motz showed in 1951 that an electron beam propagating through an undulator magnet could be used to amplify. Freeelectron laser fel is an allelectric, highpower, high beamquality source of coherent radiation, tunable unlike other laser sources at any wavelength. Free electron lasers produced by the resonant interaction of a relativistic electron beam with a photon beam in an undulator tunable, powerful, coherent radiation sources 1977 first operation of a freeelectron laser at stanford university today 22 freeelectron lasers operating worldwide 19 fels proposed or in construction. The handbook presents advanced concepts like seeding and harmonic generation, the booming field of terahertz radiation sources and upcoming brilliant light sources driven by laserplasma accelerators. Basic physical processes and principles of free electron.
A freeelectron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. Freeelectron laser was first demonstrated in 1976 6 in the infrared region. Fels were developed from the work on free electron beams. Synchrotron radiation sources and free electron lasers. Freeelectron lasers require the use of an electron accelerator with its associated shielding, as accelerated electrons can be a radiation hazard if not properly contained. The free electron laser fel will be an outstanding tool for research and industrial application. To create an fel, a beam of electrons is accelerated to almost the speed of light. Neil, university of strathclyde, glasgow, scotland. A further three decades is gained with todays undulators aps undulator a and, for the future, another three decades in brightness might be available from undulators in an erl machine.
Freeelectron laser simple english wikipedia, the free. The fel used operating principles to form the beam that are very different operating principles of a. Novel electron accelerator techniques can be used to create free electron lasers in a wide wave length interval extending to the xray region, i. Freeelectron laser wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Basic physical processes and principles of free electron lasers fels dagnachew w. With some further development, free electron lasers. Due to the coherent emission, very large intensities. Fel provide monochromatic radiation at any wavelength.
Freeelectron lasers can achieve very high peak powers, and the tunability of fels makes them highly desirable in many disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology and materials science. Freeelectron lasers with higher average power and shorter wavelengths are under development. The light is emitted as the electron beam bunches into many very thin. Freeelectron lasers in the ultraviolet and xray regime. The synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons in undulator magnets and the lowgain freeelectron laser fel are discussed in some detail. A more convenient solution to the wish for a tunable, high power xray lasers is the sase self amplified spontaneous emission xray fel, proposed in 1992, and realized in 2009 when lcls at stanford lased at a record short wavelength of l. A free electron laser generates tunable, coherent, high power radiation, currently spanning wavelengths from millimeter to xray.
Introduction to freeelectron lasers neil thompson astec. In the case of free electron lasers the time average brightness should increase from 10 19 aps undulator a to 10 26 tesla, figure 2. These tubes are still successful and useful sources of. Workie department of physics university of cincinnati cincinnati, ohio 45221 november 26, 01 abstract a tunable coherent and high peak power sources have been very usefull in many applications.
Freeelectron lasers as pumps for highenergy solidstate. A wide range of topics is covered, including highbrightness synchrotron radiation from undulators, selfamplified spontaneous emission, seeded highgain amplifiers with harmonic generation, ultrashort pulses, tapering for higher power, freeelectron laser oscillators, and xray oscillator and amplifier configuration. Freeelectron laser extreme ultraviolet lithography. Smith 1,2 1 naval postgraduate school, monterey, ca 93943 2 stanford university, stanford, ca 94305 abstract the naval postgraduate school nps is in the process of designing and constructing a freeelectron laser fel. Freeelectron lasers in the ultraviolet and xray regime physical. Introduction to free electron lasers and fourthgeneration.
Laur 0901205 12 us particle acceus particle accelerator school 2009lerator school 2009 university of new mexico albuquerque nm course content 1. This book contains a systematic treatment of the basic principles of free elec tron laser. Pages in category free electron lasers the following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. The physics of free electron lasers evgeny saldin springer. Freeelectron lasers are powerful light sources particularly for extreme spectral regions, e. The physics and properties of free electron lasers samuel krinsky brookhaven national laboratory, upton, ny 11973 abstract. It can have the optical properties characteristic of conventional lasers such as high spatial coherence and a near diffraction limited radiation beam. Highpower freeelectron lasers technology and future applications yehoshua socol falcon analytics, pob 82 netanya 42100, israel email. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Pedersen danfysik as taastrup, denmark abstract danfysik has produced insertion devices for the fel community for almost 10 years. The recent successful commissioning of the linac coherent light source lcls hard xray 1. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. The freeelectron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum. A freeelectron laser, or fel, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light.
Highgain freeelectron lasers fels are being developed as extremely bright sources for a nextgeneration xray facility. Freeelectron lasers fels are classical lasers that can provide widely tunable, highly intense, ultrashort laser pulses in any part of the spectrum. Andreas ringwald fundamental physics at free electron lasers, psi20, 812 september 20 page 11 pair creation from electron beam crossed with laser beam slac e144 studied nonlinear compton and stimulated pair production in the collision of a 46. Freeelectron laser, high average power laser, materials processing, ultrafast lasers 1. These accelerators are typically powered by klystrons, which require a high voltage supply. In this paper, we describe two recent undulator deliveries. Development of mini undulators for a tabletop freeelectron laser article in laser and particle beams 363. Freeelectron laser radiation in the photon energy range from 250 ev to 12. Optical undulators for free electron lasers james lawler, joseph bisognano, robert bosch, michael green, kenneth jacobs, deniz yavuz, univ of wisconsin, madison free electron lasers fels in the xray region are opening new research directions in amo physics and other. High average power freeelectron lasers a new laser. It is not a rigorous presentation of the theory, although it will contain all the critical theoretical arguments and equations. Freeelectron laser an overview sciencedirect topics.
A seperate fel is under development to generate continuouswave cw radiation at millimeter wavelength. It shares the same optical properties as conventional lasers such as emitting a beam consisting of coherent electromagnetic radiation which can reach high power. Synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers this lecture is aimed at teaching the physics of the production of very bright light, from a user perspective, not an accelerator perspective. Particle accelerator school august 112, 1988 are presented.
Their development received a strong impetus from radar development during world war ii. Summary the free electron laser the national academies. Where to buy free electron lasers, fel, ultraviolet, xray. A simplified description of xray freeelectron lasers. The scientific program committee has created an exciting conference program, with both invited and contributed talks and extensive poster presentations. A one billion euro free electron laser, based on a superconducting accelerator technology and spread out 3km beneath the city of hamburg. Rp photonics encyclopedia free electron lasers, fel.
The workshop was held april 11, 2018 at the ucla california nanosystem institute. The free electron laser fel will be an outstanding tool for research and. We present here the basic principles and advantages of fels, discuss the emergence of selfamplified spontaneous emission fels as leading candidates for xray lasers and fourthgeneration light sources, and highlight the. Freeelectron laser fel is an allelectric, highpower, high beamquality source of coherent. Highpower freeelectron lasers technology and future. The ucsb free electron lasers provide tunable, coherent, kilowatt level radiation for scientific research in the far infrared portion of the spectrum 2. High averagepower freeelectron lasers may be useful for pumping high peakpower solidstate laseramplifiers. Freeelectron lasers fels potential for deployment by 20222024 2024 imec technology roadmap van schoot. Introduction the use of lasers for material processing was recognized fairly early, but their expense and unreliability impeded their adoption in shops and factories. The theory of synchrotron radiation and of the freeelectron laser, design examples and the technology basis are presented. The first two techniques are able to produce radiation pulses in the femtosecond time domain and in the soft xray region with a relatively low brilliance i. This years conference program highlights the impressive advances in freeelectron lasers over the past two years, including the first lasing results at. Introduction creating matter from the vacuum, taking an atomic scale motion picture of a chemical process in a time of a few femtoseconds 1 fs 1015 sec or unraveling the complex.
History of freeelectron laser fel the fel is the result of many years of theoretical and experimental work on the generation of radiation from relativistic electron beams. Today such lasers are used for research in materials science, chemical technology, biophysical science, medical applications, surface studies, and solidstate physics. The freeelectron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet. At very high peakpowers, the pump source for solidstate lasers is nontrivial. Optic issues in ongoing erl projects cornell university. Choosing the required parameters laser resonators for fels fel output characteristics fel vs conventional laser current trends.
A freeelectron laser fel is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of veryhighspeed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. The beam passes through an undulator, a side to side magnetic field. In this paper the physical process of new type of coherent. The produced xray pulses allow pictures, for example from proteins, with subatomic resolution and an exposure time short enough to enable insitu studies of chemical reactions. Xray sources modern high intensity sources are based on synchrotron radiation from high energy electrons propagating through an undulator this talk will focus on the accelerators and undulator systems that produce the xrays. The free electron laser fel has lived up to its promise as given in madey 1971 j. This book describes the physical fundamentals on the basis of classical mechanics, electrodynamics, and the kinetic theory of charged particle beams, and will be suitable for graduate students and scientists alike.